国际关注的突发公共卫生事件的确定及其影响
The following article is from 仁真國際發展研究院 Author 孙丽
(图片来源于:WHO官网)
三、国际关注的突发公共卫生事件确定后的影响
被确定为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件的缔约国可获得《条例》规定的各项权益。具体而言,在公共卫生应对方面,第十三条规定,遭遇国际关注的突发公共卫生事件的缔约国可要求WHO给予技术指导和援助、评估所采取的控制措施的有效性、提供国际援助信息以支持其开展现场评估等;在沟通方面,缔约国能够获得更为广泛的国际社会的关注和帮助,第四十九条规定,总干事应就国际关注的突发公共卫生事件的确定和结束、有关缔约国采取的任何卫生措施、任何临时建议及此类建议的修改、延续和撤消以及突发事件委员会的意见与缔约国进行沟通。《条例》第三条原则性地规定其执行应充分尊重人的尊严、人权和基本自由,而且WHO的建议标准应当“根据适合情况的风险评估所采取的卫生措施,对国际交通和贸易的限制和对人员的侵扰不超过可适度保护健康的其他合理措施”。这些规定都有助于一国疫情防控工作得到国际社会更为全面、科学、合理的支持。
国际关注的突发公共卫生事件的确定也可能会助长民众恐慌情绪,引起国际社会过度反应。最近一次确定的事件为2019年07月17日将刚果(金)埃博拉疫情,由于过高的死亡率,3个月后WHO决定延续国际关注的突发公共卫生事件的确定。利比里亚由于该疫情宣布国家紧急状态,采取了严格的隔离、限制措施,周边邻国也采取了封锁边境、禁止疫区旅客入境,乃至停飞国际航班等措施。据相关数据显示,利比里亚国内大量涉外投资的基础设施项目陷入违约困境,对外贸易、旅游业等经济产业遭受重创,GDP增速下滑明显、粮食危机迫在眉睫。因此前车之鉴,国际社会,尤其是邻国政府的态度与措施将对疫区国家的发展产生更为深远的不利影响。中国正面临经济的转型升级时期,一旦疫情扩张造成国际社会的过度恐慌,中国的国际交通运输、进出口货物及国际投资等可能将面临较大冲击。国际社会必须正确认识“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”的本质,科学合理对待风险事件,不能人为地将疫情防控演化为实质上的“经济制裁”。
社会历史上共有五次被确定为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件的事件,均以高死亡率及传播不可控为主要特点。中国此次疫情尚未被WHO确定为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件,但构成“高风险事件”,认为其“对中国造成非常高风险,对区域和全球都造成高风险”。目前在东南亚的泰国、新加坡、马来西亚、越南,以及美国、澳大利亚、日本、韩国、法国等都有少量确诊病例,目前国外尚无死亡病例。控制人际传播仍是当前防控疫情的重点,中国各级政府目前正在积极采取措施,湖北省多个城市公交、地铁、轮渡、长途客运暂停运营,机场、火车站等重要交通通道暂时关闭;全国各省实行公共卫生事件一级响应,各地正在实行更为严格的交通管制、开展有序的医疗工作。目前我国公民出入境也需申报健康申明,并配合海关做检疫工作。“封省之举”是有力的措施,中国以举国之力必将打好疫情防控战。因此,WHO总干事表示对中国政府防控疫情能力充满信心,暂时“并不建议任何更为广泛的旅行和贸易限制”,但将进一步收集中国疫情信息,并很快再次进行评估,至于未来确定的结果如何,有待持续关注。
作者:孙丽,西南政法大学民商法14级本科,武汉大学国际法18级硕士,国际法爱好者
附相关英文条文:
“Public health emergency of international concern”
means an extraordinary event which is determined, as provided in these Regulations: (i) to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and (ii) to potentially require a coordinated international response
Article 12 Determination of a public health emergency of international concern
1. The Director-General shall determine, on the basis of the information received, in particular from the State Party within whose territory an event is occurring, whether an event constitutes a public health emergency of international concern in accordance with the criteria and the procedure set out in these Regulations.
2. If the Director-General considers, based on an assessment under these Regulations, that a public health emergency of international concern is occurring, the Director-General shall consult with the State Party in whose territory the event arises regarding this preliminary determination. If the Director-General and the State Party are in agreement regarding this determination, the Director-General shall, in accordance with the procedure set forth in Article 49, seek the views of the Committee established under Article 48 (hereinafter the “Emergency Committee”) on appropriate temporary recommendations.
3. If, following the consultation in paragraph 2 above, the Director-General and the State Party in whose territory the event arises do not come to a consensus within 48 hours on whether the event constitutes a public health emergency of international concern, a determination shall be made in accordance with the procedure set forth in Article 49.
4. In determining whether an event constitutes a public health emergency of international concern, the Director-General shall consider:
(a) information provided by the State Party;
(b) the decision instrument contained in Annex 2;
(c) the advice of the Emergency Committee;
(d) scientific principles as well as the available scientific evidence and other relevant information; and
(e) an assessment of the risk to human health, of the risk of international spread of disease and of the risk of interference with international traffic.
5. If the Director-General, following consultations with the State Party within whose territory the public health emergency of international concern has occurred, considers that a public health emergency of international concern has ended, the Director-General shall take a decision in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 49.
Article 56 Settlement of disputes
1. In the event of a dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of these Regulations, the States Parties concerned shall seek in the first instance to settle the dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful means of their own choice, including good offices, mediation or conciliation. Failure to reach agreement shall not absolve the parties to the dispute from the responsibility of continuing to seek to resolve it.
2. In the event that the dispute is not settled by the means described under paragraph 1 of this Article, the States Parties concerned may agree to refer the dispute to the Director-General, who shall make every effort to settle it.
3. A State Party may at any time declare in writing to the Director-General that it accepts
arbitration as compulsory with regard to all disputes concerning the interpretation or application of these Regulations to which it is a party or with regard to a specific dispute in relation to any other State Party accepting the same obligation. The arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration Optional Rules for Arbitrating Disputes between Two States applicable at the time a request for arbitration is made. The States Parties that have agreed to accept arbitration as compulsory shall accept the arbitral award as binding and final. The Director-General shall inform the Health Assembly regarding such action as appropriate.
4. Nothing in these Regulations shall impair the rights of States Parties under any international agreement to which they may be parties to resort to the dispute settlement mechanisms of other intergovernmental organizations or established under any international agreement.
5. In the event of a dispute between WHO and one or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of these Regulations, the matter shall be submitted to the Health Assembly.
参考资料:
The determination and implication of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
SUN Li
On January 22 and 23(Geneva time), the World Health Organization held two meetings with the Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV. On January 24(Beijing time), the current Director-General announced in a press release that this event had not yet constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), and put forward related suggestions to international society.
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